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Halmahera Islands Map |
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| Types of mining and energy which exist such as nickel mining and gold mining. Whereas mine and energy potential that can be processed such as nickel with reserve estimate 42,763,460 tons, gold with reserve estimate 192,000,000 tons, copper with reserve estimate reach 240,000,000 tons, and iron sand with reserve estimate reach 68,840 tons. | |
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Mine Companies |
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| Dongak deposit, Gebe Island Nickel Mine, Gebe Island Gosowong Au-Ag deposit Gosowong mine, Gosowong Au-Ag deposit Gosowong North deposit Kencana mine, Gosowong Au-Ag deposit, Langsat deposit Tobobo deposit Toguraci deposit Weda Bay Mine |
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Mine Companies |
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| Hila Cu-Zn occurrence, Ambon Island Kaputusan Mine, Bacan Island |
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Halmahera Islands 27 Tribes |
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| Buli 2.520 Islam | |
| North Maluku, central Halmahera, east coast. 3 villages. Dialects: Buli, Wayamli (Wajamli, Jawanli). | |
| Galela 79.999 Animism | |
| 41,000 Kadai, 10,000 Kadina, 24,000 Morotai, and 4,000 Sopi. North Maluku, Galela Bay, north of Tobelo to northern tip of Halmahera; Morotai Island except southeast quadrant; Gunage and Moari islands near Kayoa, Bacan, Obi, scattered along the southwest coast of Halmahera. Dialects: Kadai, Kadina, Morotai, Sopi. Laba [lau] may be a dialect. 65% intelligibility with Loloda [loa], Loloda 85% with Galela. | |
| Gamkonora 1.500 Islam | |
| North Maluku, north Halmahera, a few coastal villages south of the Ibu area. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81% with Waioli [wli]. | |
| Gane 4.300 Islam | |
| North Maluku, Halmahera Island, south southern peninsula. Alternate names: Gani, Giman. Dialects: Similar to East Makian [mky], Kayoa, a dialect of East Makian [mky]. | |
| Gebe 2.650 Islam | |
| North Maluku, Gebe, Yoi’umiyal, and Gag islands between southern Halmahera and Waigeo Island (Papua). 4 villages. Alternate names: Gebi. Dialects: Umera. Lexical similarity: 44% with Patani [ptn]. | |
| Gorap 1.000 Animism | |
| North Maluku, Morotai Island, Pilowo and Waringin villages; Central Halmahera, Bobane and Igo villages. Dialects: Reportedly a mixed language, with Ternate [tft] and Malay [max] words and different word order from other languages of north Halmahera or Austronesian languages. Lexical similarity: 85% with Indonesian [ind], but comprehension is limited. | |
| Ibu 35 Animism | |
| Ethnic population: 50 to 200 (1984). North Maluku, north Halmahera Island, Ibu River mouth, Gamlamo and Gamici villages. Dialects: May be inherently intelligible with Sahu [saj]. | |
| Kao 4000 | |
| North Maluku, interior North Halmahera, Kao town area, Kao River mouth area. Alternate names: Ka’u, Kau. Dialects: Could be a marginal dialect of Pagu [pgu], but relates uniquely to other languages in Kao River subbranch. | |
| Laba 2.000 | |
| North Maluku, interior south end of Loloda District. 4 villages. Alternate names: Kedi, South Loloda. Dialects: Phonology like Galela [gbi], 70% intelligibility, 75% with Loloda [loa]. Lexical similarity: 75% with Galela, 78% with Loloda. | |
| Loloda 15.000 Christian | |
| Bakun. North Maluku, northwest coast of Halmahera. Alternate names: Loda, North Loloda. Dialects: Bakun. Intelligibility with Laba [lau] very limited. 85% intelligibility with Galela [gbi], Galela [gbi] has 65% intelligibility of Loloda. | |
| Maba 6.620 Islam | |
| Halmahera, north coast of southeast peninsula; Wasilei area. Alternate names: Bicoli, Bitjoli, Ingli. | |
| Makian East 20.000 Islam | |
| 18,000 or more in East Makian, 2,000 or more in Kayoa (1983 SIL). North Maluku, east Makian Island, south Mori Island, Kayoa islands, west coast of south Halmahera, Bacan and Obi islands. Transmigration project near Kao. Alternate names: Makian Dalam, Makian Timur. Dialects: East Makian, Kayoa (Kajoa). Similar to Gane [gzn]. | |
| The Makian Timur (East Makian) also called the Makian Dalam (Inner Makian), live on the east coast of the island of Makian. The rest of the island is occupied by the Makian Barat (West Makian or Outer Makian). The Makian Timur people also can be found in small communities on the islands of Mori, Bacan, Obi, and Kayoa to the south, and on the western coastland and in the north central transmigrant area of Malifut on Halmahera, a larger island to the east. The small archipelago where they live is made up of a string of volcanoes. One of the volcanoes, Kie Besi, is still active. This mountain has erupted many times in the past and claimed many lives. The eruption of 1975 forced the government to evacuate the residents to Malifut on Halmahera island.Makian is part of the North Maluku province. Maluku, historically called the Spice Islands, is a string of over one thousand islands scattered over the eastern portion of Indonesia. It includes most of the islands between Sulawesi and New Guinea and between Timor and the Philippines. This huge province was divided into North Maluku and Maluku in 1999.Some observers have classified the Makian as one people group with two dialects. However, careful linguistic analysis has revealed that the the West Makian language, Jitinee, is part of the West Papuan language family, while the East Makian language, Tabayama, is part of the Austronesian language family, the dominant language family among Indonesian people groups. The Makian Timur make their living as farmers. Since their land is not appropriate for farming rice, they primarily farm corn and bananas. Unfertile land (jerame), is generally left to lie fallow for as long as 7-10 years. Until the original owner returns, such land becomes the property of anyone who works it. The Makian Timur also cultivate coconuts, which are processed to become copra. The Makian who live in Halmahera and other islands mostly work as fishermen, using fishing rods and hooks, dragnets, or large bamboo fish traps. The social system of the Makian Timur is a clan system, called a soa. As descendants from the same line, members of one soa must marry outside their soa. Traditionally, a new couple lives in the husband's neighborhood. Muslims |
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| Makian West 12.000 Islam | |
| 7,000 on Makian Island, 5,000 on Kayoa Islands. North Maluku, west Makian Island, some Kayoa Islands, west coast of south Halmahera areas. Alternate names: Makian Barat, Makian Luar. Dialects: Language isolate within north Halmahera. Formerly classified as Austronesian. | |
| Bacanese Malay 2.500 Islam | |
| Over 1,000 in Labuha (1987 J. Collins). North Maluku, Bacan Island west of southern Halmahera; former Labuha palace area, 1 village; Mandioli Island, and half of Waya and Lele villages. Alternate names: Bacan, Batjan. | |
| Malay, North Moluccan 700.000 Islam | |
| 100,000 monolinguals. North Maluku, Halmahera, Sula, and Obi islands. Labuha neighborhood (Christian), and some other families with parents of different ethnic origins. Alternate names: Ternate Malay. Dialects: Different meaning of particles from Manado Malay [xmm]. More similar to Manado Malay than to Ambonese Malay [abs]. | |
| Modole 2.000 | |
| interior north Halmahera Island, Kao River headwaters. Alternate names: Madole. Dialects: North Modole, South Modole. Minimal differences between north and south Modole. | |
| Pagu 3.310 Animism | |
| interior North Halmahera south of Modole [mqo] to the mouth of Kao River. Alternate names: Pago, Pagoe. Dialects: Isam, Pagu, Toliwiku (Toliliko). | |
| Patani 10.600 Islam | |
| Halmahera, narrow tip of southeast peninsula and west along the coast. 9 villages | |
| The Patani-Maba live in the eastern regions of Halmahera Island in the province of North Maluku. The provinces of North Maluku and Maluku were created when the province of Maluku was divided in 1999.The Maluku Islands are an archipelago consisting of over one thousand islands, and covering the area between Sulawesi and New Guinea and between the island of Timor and the Philippines. The Maluku Islands are commonly known as the Spice Islands, named for their critical role in the spice trade between Asia and Europe in earlier centuries. In fact, when Columbus unexpectedly found America, he was looking for a way to travel to these islands by going west rather than east from Europe.The Patani-Maba dominate the southeast peninsula of Halmahera, including the areas of Maba and Patani Gebe. They can be found primarily in nine villages: Patani, Peniti, Tepeleu, Gemya, Kipai, Wailegi, Yeisowo, Banemo, and Moreala, while in Sibenpopu they live together with speakers of Tobelo. This region can only be reached by sea from Ternate or from Gebe, or via a ship which sails once a month from Tobelo. Most Patani-Maba make their living as farmers or fishermen, and some work in the wood processing industry. Most still practice a migratory pattern of agriculture; moving from time to time to find better sustenance after they have depleted the soil's fertility in one area. Their pattern of dry rice farming is similar to that of most other peoples in the region using a "slash-and-burn" method. This method receives its name from the practice of opening new farmland by cutting down trees and burning the underbrush.The initial clearing of the field is accomplished with the help of a large group of neighbors. This system of mutual cooperation among neighbors is called gotong royong. This pattern is very comon throughout Indonesia and is not only used for clearing of new land, but also for building houses, and holding weddings, funerals, and other activities. A celebration of the importance and value of gotong royong is seen in the movements of the Cawa dance. Patani-Maba society utilizes a clan system. Life mates must be found outside one's own clan. After marriage, a couple initially lives near the husband's family and then move to a new area when they are more established. The Patani-Maba are followers of the Islamic religion. |
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| Sahu 7.500 Christian | |
| 3,500 in Tala’i, 4,000 in Pa’disua. North Maluku, southwestern north Halmahera Island. Alternate names: Sa’u, Sahu’u, Sau. Dialects: Pa’disua (Palisua), Tala’i. Similar to Waioli [wli], Gamkonora [gak]. | |
| Sawai 12.000 Islam | |
| Gane Timur and Weda districts, Halmahera, south and southeast peninsula coasts. 13 villages. Alternate names: Weda, Weda-Sawai, Were. Dialects: Weda, Sawai, Kobe, Faya-Mafa, Messa-Dote. Lexical similarity: 64% with North Nuaulu [nni]. | |
| Tabaru 15.000 Christian | |
| Ibu, Jailolo, and Oba districts. Alternate names: Tobaru. Dialects: Adu, Nyeku. Northern dialect is the main one. Dialects mutually inherently intelligible. | |
| Taliabu Mangei 4.520 Christian | |
| 500 to 1,500 in Mangei. North Maluku, Taliabu Island, northwest Mangole, Sula Islands. Alternate names: Taliabo. Dialects: Padang (Samada), Mananga, Mangei (Mange’e, Mange, Mang, Soboyo, Sobojo). Dialects 90% or more lexically similar. | |
| Ternate Tribe 46.000 | |
| The Ternate of Izndonesia live on the small island of Ternate, which is close to the larger island of Halmahera in the province of North Maluku, mid-way between northern Sulawesi and the western tip of Papua. Halmahera and its outlying islands (which includes Ternate), covers approximately 6,500 square miles. The Maluku Islands, historically called the Spice Islands, are a string of over one thousand islands scattered over the eastern portion of Indonesia. They include most of the islands between Sulawesi and New Guinea and between Timor and the Philippines. Fifty percent of the Ternate people reside on the island of Ternate and the other fifty percent have migrated elsewhere, but still continue to identify themselves as Ternate. Areas of Ternate migration include the islands of Bacan and Obi, as well as other regions both inside and outside the province of Maluku. The Ternate people speak the Ternate language. Experts classify this as a West Papuan language that is part of the North Halmahera language cluster, and not a part of the Austronesian language family dominant among Indonesian people groups. The main livelihood of the Ternate is farming and fishing. They plant rice, vegetables, legumes, cassava, and sweet potatoes and cultivate cloves, coconuts, and nutmeg. Cloves have a long history in Ternate as the main attraction for the European colonial powers. The Ternate also are known as reliable sailors. Ternate settlements generally are built along roads parallel with coastlines. In rural areas, houses are made from woven grass. In urban areas, various structures of houses are used, many borrowed from newcomers of other people groups.Before the entrance of Islam, the Ternate were grouped into family clusters, each of which was led by a momole. With the entrance of Islam, these momole joined to become one confederation led by a kolano. Later, after Islam became more solidly entrenched, the kolano became sultanates. In the kolano structures, genealogical and territorial structures had unifying roles in the community. In sultanates, however, the Islamic religion became the unifying factor. The Ternate sultanate still exists to this day, but with only symbolic power. The majority of the Ternate are Muslims. As followers of Islam, they believe they will be judged based on their good deeds and knowledge of the Qur'an (Islamic Holy Book). In the past, the Ternate sultanate, along with the Tidore sultanate, was one of the main disseminators of the Islamic religion in the eastern portion of Indonesia. |
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| Tidor Tribe 28.000 | |
| The Tidore reside on the island of Tidore in the regency of Central Halmahera, North Maluku Province. Tidore is one of many islands in the Maluku archipelago. The Maluku Islands, historically called the Spice Islands, is a string of over one thousand islands scattered over the eastern portion of Indonesia. It includes most of the islands between Sulawesi and New Guinea and between Timor and the Philippines. While many ethnic groups inhabit the Tidore district capital city of Soa-Siu, the Tidore people dominate the smaller villages on the island. In everyday conversation, the Tidore speak their own Tidore language. They also understand the neighboring Ternate language, which for a long time was the trade language of the Halmahera region. The Tidore people are closely related to their neighbors on Ternate linguistically, historically, sociologically, and culturally. However, each group sets a high value on maintaining its own identity. No Ternate person likes to be classified as a Tidore, and vice-versa.For years, the Ternate people have been in closer contact than the Tidore with peoples from the western parts of the Indonesian archipelago. As a result, Tidore are sometimes classified as less educated than the Ternate. In general, however, the Tidore are more industrious than the Ternate. Cultural observers generally divide the areas of North Maluku and Central Halmahera into several regions of cultural influence: the Ternate, Tidore, and Bacan. The Tidore cultural region includes the Tidore islands, Central Halmahera, and East Halmahera. Most Tidore earn a living by farming, fishing, trading, or working for the government. Crops include rice, corn, sweet potato, cassava, and peanuts. They also cultivate numerous spices, such as cloves, nutmeg, coconut, and cocoa bean. Spices are a distinctive feature of the Maluku archipelago and were a major motivating force behind European colonialism. The Tidore kinship system is patrilineal (tracing descent through the father). An important family group is the clan, called a soa. According to Tidore tradition, the ideal marriage is between first cousins. The couple traditionally has a choice of living either near the family of the groom or bride. The Tidore are loyal followers of Islam. In the past, the Tidore sultantate, along with the Ternate sultanate, was one of the central forces behind the spread and development of Islam in Maluku. Every village has at least one mosque (mesjid) or prayer room (surau). Islamic teachers and scholars are the informal leaders of Tidore communities. |
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| Tobelo 27.700 Christian | |
| north Halmahera Island, Tobelo, Kao, and Jailolo districts; Halmahera Tengah, Maba and Wasile districts; Papua, Sorong, north half of Morotai, coastal areas of Kao Bay and inland, Patani, Weda, Gane, Bacan, Obi, Ambon, Raja Ampat islands. Dialects: Dodinga, Boëng, Tobelo (Heleworuru). | |
| Tugutil 2.590 Animism | |
| north Halmahera Island, inland around Kusuri, inland in Kecamatan Tobelo, Taboulamo area in Kecamatan Kao, the pass between Lolobata and Buli in Kecamatan Wasilei, Dodaga and Tutuling rivers, Akelamo and Mabulan rivers in Kecamatan Maba, Tanjung Lili, villages of Miaf, Bebseli, and Marasibno. A few on Lili, Waisango, and Afu rivers. Dialects: Teluk Lili, Kusuri. Possibly several dialects separated by large distances. Inadequate intelligibility with Tobelo variety. |
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| Waioli 3.000 Animism | |
| north Halmahera, between Sahu [saj] and Ibu [ibu] languages. Alternate names: Wajoli, Wayoli. Dialects: Lexical similarity: 81% with Gamkonora [gak]. | |
